Renal Diseases and Micronutrients

Abstract

Chronic kidney diseases may lead to one to either deficiency or toxic excess of different micronutrients. Abnormalities of micronutrient levels in CKD develop for several reasons. While dietary restrictions and anorexia lead to inadequate intake of micronutrients, renal replacement therapy and use of diuretic cause excessive losses. Also, changes occur in the absorption of nutrients and their metabolisms are impaired. The better understanding of the micronutrient requirements of patients with chronic kidney disease may have impact on several complications associated with vitamin and mineral disorders such as high mortality, increased risk of atherosclerosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, anemia, polyneuropathy, encephalopathy, weakness, muscle cramps, bone diseases, depression or insomnia. This review is aimed to evaluate the status of micronutrients in different stages of chronic kidney diseases and to share the current information about the requirements.